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Chief Paulina or Pahninee was a Northern Paiute war leader noted for his successful guerrilla tactics.〔("Settlment: Hostiles Erupt." ) ''National Park Service: John Day Fossil Beds.'' 25 April 2002 (retrieved 7 April 2010)〕 He is known to have been active from 1859 until his death in 1867. ==Resistance against colonization== During the late 1850s and 1860s, Paulina led a band of Northern Paiutes that violently resisted encroachment on their lands.〔(''Treaty with the Snake (Northern Paiute), 1865.'' ) Oregon History Project, reprinted from Kappler, Charles. Indian Affairs: Law & Treaties. vol. 2. Washington D.C., 1904: 876-878. Accessed 10 December 2014.〕 The band refused to relocate to a Native American reservation〔Garrett J. Keeton. (''The Burnt Ranch.'' ) Accessed 10 December 2014.〕 and attacked settler communities traveling through or living on Paiute lands in central〔Ward Tonsfeldt & Paul G. Claeyssens. (''Wars with the Northern Paiute.'' ) 2004. Accessed 10 December 2014.〕 and eastern Oregon and the Klamath Basin. Paulina became the most notorious war leader in those raids. He was known for the swiftness of his attacks and his ability to evade capture by both volunteer regiments and U.S. Army detachments under General George Crook. He led a small band (including his brother Wahveveh) that raided and stole livestock and horses, causing fear within nearby communities. The band also attacked Indians living on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. There has been some speculation that Paulina's hatred for the Warm Springs Indians and Caucasian settlers occurred in April 1859 when Dr. Thomas Fitch led Native Americans from the Warm Springs Indian Reservation to attack a band of Paiutes in the valley of the John Day River. The party killed 10 Paiute warriors, capturing the women and children and the rest of the band. Among those captured were Paulina and Wahveveh, both of whom were later sent to Fort Dalles only to be imprisoned for a short time.〔Braly, David. ''Crooked River Country: Wranglers, Rogues, and Barons.'' Pullman, WA: Washington State University Press. 2007, p. 31.〕 Captain John M. Drake led one of the first military campaigns into the area. Paulina defeated an army attack on his camp near Juniper Butte, and the conflicts increased. The Paiute threat was broken up into two bands led by Paulina, of the Walpapi band, and Weahwewa, of the Kidutokado band.〔Michno, Gregory. The Deadliest Indian War in the West; The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press, 2007. 25〕 In one particular incident, Paulina arranged peace talks with the Chief of the Wascos, Queapama. However, under that guise, Paulina had one of his braves murder Queapama.〔Braly (2007).〕 While predatory bands such as Paulina’s certainly profited from these attacks, they ultimately contributed to the climate of hostility that increased the level of violence and the death toll in the region. All the resident groups—settlers, native communities at Warm Springs and Umatilla, and the Northern Paiute—engaged in retaliatory actions that resulted in the deaths of dozens of people, including women and children. After U.S. Army forces captured Paiute hostages and held them prisoner at Ft. Klamath,〔Oregon Historical Society. (''Chief Paulina''. ) Accessed 7 April 2010.〕 including Paulina's sister, wife and son,〔Bill Miller. (''Chief Paulina, master tactician'' ). Mail Tribune. Accessed 10 December 2014.〕 Paulina and the other leaders of the Hunipuitöka Paiute agreed to sign a treaty in early 1865. To avoid starvation,〔Robert H. Ruby, John A. Brown and Cary C Collins. (''A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest'' ). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 2010. p. 414〕 Paulina and his group left the Klamath Reservation on April 22, 1866, in spite of the treaty agreement they considered unfair.〔(Some Antelope Oregon History. ) Accessed 10 December 2014.〕 When they left, Howluck contacted him looking for aid to exact revenge for the killing of his followers by California troops in the Guano Valley.〔Michno, Gregory. (''The Deadliest Indian War in the West; The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868. )] Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press. 2007, p. 141.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paulina (Paiute leader)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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